Author: KNEC notes and Past Papers

Physical Distribution (PD) refers to the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of operation management to the consumer. It takes place between numerous wholesaling and retail channels and includes such important decision areas Read More …

Bill of lading – this is used to seal a contract between the carrier and shipper in which the carrier agree to carry goods from port of shipped to port of destination. it is also the shippers receipt for goods Read More …

High-speed trains. The most prominent evolution in the new future is the development of high speed trains running across Europe at speeds reaching 320 km an hour. High-speed railways in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland have joined Read More …

Alternative powering technologies Due to increased environmental pollution i.e. global warming, there is an initiative towards promoting more environmental friendly sources of energy in transport sector. Cleaner technologies, such as new successful alternative powering technologies, more efficient engines or improvement Read More …

The choice of ownership depends on the following factors. Operating costs In different circumstances, either own account or third party transport might be cheaper and they should consider other benefits before an organization moves away from the cheaper option. Capital Read More …

The natures of the goods – Heavy and bulky goods are economically transported through sea or rail. Terminals – Availability of loading and offloading points dictate the form of transport to be used. Transportation cost – The cost of the Read More …

The choice of mode of transport depends on various factors: The nature of materials to transport The volume and distance The value of materials Special facilities available Schedules and frequency of delivery Security loss and damage Reputation and stability of Read More …

To attain flexibility where the weaknesses of one mode are overcome by strengths of the other. To minimize transportation costs especially over long distances To overcome geographical and physical barriers To break bulk (goods that arrive in containers need to Read More …

They are only suitable for transporting large volumes of commodities It contributes to unemployment since they are capital intensive (usage of machines). Not suitable for bulky goods which are of awkward or irregular shape. They require special handling equipment for Read More …

Containers help to save space because they don’t take as much space as small packers Use of machines for loading and offloading makes this means of transport more convenient The movement of containers in and around the ports is relatively Read More …